Botanical characteristics of greenhouse cucumber (tree)

 Cucumber is a greenhouse plant of floweringplants, from the class of dolpees, from the annual jelly plants, from the family Cucurbithacae and the genus  Cucurbita with the scientific name(Cucumis sativus).
The root of this cucumber is relatively superficial and in order to plant it, the soil of the surface of the earth must be completely ready and rich in food and in addition, its root is one year old.
Cucumber stem is greenhouse, herbaceous and light green, juicy and has thin skin and cracks that split fromthestem. The
length of the greenhouse cucumber plant according to the hersey that is done is not to reach more than 6 m  that keeping the plants in the greenhouse by wrapping it around the cultivated yarns is possible, in ordinary varieties of leaves relatively small in virgin varieties or partnocarpic leaves are larger, claw-shaped and bright green, and shallow cuts cut the leaves into five parts or  Lobe.  Which often divides into triangles. Its petioles are tall, juicy, thick, and the veins are distinctive and brighter than the leaves themselves. Cucumber fruit is considered as a botanical shaft, i.e. a fruit that is thin, its shortcut is meaty and edible and inside it is membrane and hard.

 Vegetative growth of roots of this plant is much weaker than its aerial parts, but in the place of collar and even parts of the stem that contact with the soil produces misplaced roots, as well as the roots are grown and propagated more in the ventilated parts of the soil surface, in which case the necessity of preparing an almost light substrate in terms of soil texture and ventilator isknown.

The location of fruit on the stem has twoconditions:

1- Cucumbers that are produced on the main stem and at the angle ofleaves.

2- Cucumbers that are produced on the lateral stem, in which case the lateral stems need regular cruning.

 

Greenhouse cucumber cultivars are batches and flower materials and the most important characteristics of these cultivars are as follows:

– Compatible with the conditions of the ship in the greenhouse

– They don’t need bees or other inoculate agents.

– Product efficiency is high.  

– Pruning and rejuvenation of the plant, plant life can be renewed several times and re-exploited

 Select cultivation time

 Before taking any action regarding the cultivation of greenhouse cucumbers, first, it is better to get information such as meteorological statistics of the region, opinions and experiences of agricultural engineers and experienced farmers and the most important price of this product in the market and then choose the cultivation time because the time of cultivation has a direct impact on crop utilization and increases the morale of work and effort. For example, in the southern regions of the country, the cultivation time starts at the beginning of October and ends in June of the followingyear.
In the northern and central regions of the country, which have cloudy and cold weather in December and January, the time of cultivation of greenhouse cucumbers is chosen in a way that this time or the end of the harvest season or the beginning of cultivation , generally the times when the weather conditions are unfavorable should be eliminated from the cultivation period and if this does not happen and unfavorable times are in the midst of harvesting time. It encounters a lot of problems.

 Greenhouse suitable for cucumber cultivation

 In the construction of cucumber greenhouse and setting up a successful greenhouse, it is necessary to pay attentionto the type and specifications of the greenhouse structure and its coating  and  equipment. 
In the soil cultivation of cucumber tree, Iranian and  Spanish greenhouses with a minimum height of 5 meters and resistant to wind and snow in the region and crop weight are suitable.
It should be noted that the cultivation of greenhouse cucumbers in greenhouses with a height of less than 5 meters can also be done, but the greenhouse companies that offer or produce these greenhouses are not careful about the amount of production per unit area and the minimum cost with maximum profit, because when with 30 percent more initial and fixed cost, it can be 80 percent more profitable, so it is rational. According to the greenhouse conditions, he chose the minimum standards.
And in the cultivation of greenhouse cucumbers,  greenhouses with a minimum height of 6 meters are recommended.
Mazrae Bekr  Company, structure of Spanish greenhouses and Iranian greenhouses according to topography, climate and climatic conditions prevailing, soil type of each region, etc. as well as these greenhouses in accordistan with standards 76UNE-92/208,  284CEN/TC and 57NFU-063 and Regulations of Iran and  NGMA of America and  ECMC  (European Union of Steel Structures) with the best and most resistant materials designed and offers the most economical structures that these cucumber greenhouses are resistant in different designs up to 110 kg/m2 snow load and 120 km/s wind speed (subject to the closure of valves) and 20 kg/m2 of productload.

 Seed Selection

 After choosing the time of cultivation, we should choose a suitable and good seed which is based on the classification of suitableclimates.
For example, for southern regions where the cultivation time starts at the beginning of October and can be harvested by the end of June next year, or the northern and central areas where the cultivation starts in early January, single flower seeds are suggested that have small leaves and are resistant to cold and are suitable for long periods of time.   
However, in climates with two growing seasons, it is better to use pergol varieties that have a large crop in a short time.
It is worth noting that many farmers, regardless of the type of variety and the time of cultivation of greenhouse cucumbers and only because of its flowering, cultivate in seasons that are not suitable for that seed, so they encounter problems that make them a little unknown and strange.
Farmers who are not familiar with the properties of different varieties make a major mistake, which is that they re-select the muddy varieties that have been cultivated for spring seasons and have harvested a lot of good crops for autumn cultivation, with the onset of cold season and shortening the day, a large number of small fruits in each plant, due to the smallness of the fruits. On the stem, they do not harvest any crops and impose fertilizers and toxins on the plant with their imagination, while the seeds are single-flowered and they see less fruit from it, but more crops are harvested.

In order to grow greenhouse cucumbers, partnocarpic seeds should be used only and avoid planting regular seeds in the greenhouse. It should be noted that partnocarpic is the formation and growth of fruit without inoculation of eggs. This phenomenon occurs extensively in the vegetables of the pumpkin family, especially cucumber. In ordinary varieties, male and female flowers are separated and male flowers appear earlier than female flowers. But instead, there are no partnocarpic varieties of male flowers and female flowers produce fruit without pollination and fertilization.In this type of cucumber there is no need to pollinate and the fruit is formed as partnocarpic, so if insects from outside the greenhouse pollen plant other aerial cucumbers on the female cucumber plant flower inside the greenhouse, the produced cucumber will have a lower appearancequality.

In some varieties of greenhouse cucumber, the length of fruit may reach up to 50  cm, which according to the taste and marketplace of Iranian consumers, now varieties are cultivated that their fruit length reaches up to 30  cm.   
The fruit of this type of cucumber has an edible skin, without eggs and without bloating, the seeds of greenhouse cucumber are usually produced by scientific and very costly genetic methods, and therefore its price is very expensive and sold numerically, these seeds in the open air cannot produce fruit well because it is not produced uniformly due to inoculation with pollen of other cultivars and its fruit from its original form. Out and disfigured and disfigured.
Partnocarpic cucumber has several varieties, many of which lack the desired shape, color and size of the Iranian market, so among the many varieties that are marketed, the types that are suitable for planting in Iran should be selected.
Although partnocarpic seeds are very expensive and have relatively high planting and maintenance costs, but due to the high yield and expensive prices of greenhouse cucumbers, not only these costs are compensated but also benefit the producers.
To choose cucumber seed, it is better to use seeds that have been produced more than 6 months because cucumber seeds have a short sleep period in which times may not germte, while more than two yearsare not suitable for the power of thename.

The bitterness in greenhouse cucumber fruits is caused by a substance called coorbitacin, which is found at the bottom of them and is made in roots, but has not been seen or very rarely occurred in greenhouse hybridcucumbers.

 How to cultivate

 After choosing the seed, we have to think about how to grow, in general, there are two ways to grow the seed. One is direct cultivation and cultivation in the form of treasury, which is better to use in the treasury to save the use of greenhouse facilities and to take more and better care to germiation. For direct cultivation of the land, it must be moisture enough and so-called gavro, and it is better to pour under and over the seed to the required amount of mousebits.

The best soil for cultivation in transplant pots is a natural substance called pit mouse, which is found in the     market of foreign and Iranian varieties.    The germinating time is delayed and secondly, some disturbances will occur during plant growth. It is recommended that these seeds be stored in a cotton cloth at 30°C because of their expensiveness 24  hours before planting in the ground or pot, so that the young plant should be transferred to the ground without pests and disease.

 Transfer of transplants to the main land

When the seeds of greenhouse cucumbers become green and grow enough, we have to transfer them to the greenhouse land.For this purpose, the holes calculated with a certain distance and based on plant density per square meter are placed on the substrates, which is exactly the size of the soil volume of the nasal tray pots. Then, with complete caution, we remove the transplant from the pots with the soil of the pots and put them in the holes. After transferring transplantation to the ground, we start irrigation. Remember that the duration of transplantation in the pot should not exceed the normal level because in this case, the root is in trouble due to the low volume of soil and it remains from normal growth and therefore the plant will be weak from the beginning and then it will not growproperly.

Soil suitable for tree cucumbers

The soil used in cucumber cultivation greenhouses should have a light texture (Sandy loam)  and have good permeability.

If the soil can be used a little heavy, it can be modified by adding some lime and gypsum-free sand and compost so that it has an economical aspect in terms of consumption of the required amount. Also, in case of low water permeability or drainage of soil, polyethylene lattice pipes and installation under soil stacks can also be used. This method can provide the necessary drainage for the soil. Relatively heavy soils or soils with high salt content are not suitable at all because ventilation, leaching and disinfection of these soils are very difficult and certainly damage the rootgrowth.

The experience of cultivating greenhouse cucumbers in desert-style soils (Sorkheh) where limestone and gypsum salts are minimal and their sand percentage is more than 50% has shown that such soils are the best substrates and a good crop has been produced in it. In choosing the earth beds, if the underlying substrate (more than 25 cm depth) is hard and impenetrable, it should be broken using appropriate subsheets of this layer or skip the planting of cucumbers.

PH is suitable for soil bed 6.5-7.5 and  EC  less than 3000μmos/cm(dS/m). The ability to absorb elements is determined by the pH of the root medium substrate and is determined in low pH  the ratio of absorbable elements and iron, manganese and aluminum solutions is higher and as a result, all of them cause stabilization and   inoperability of phosphorus. The bottom decreases. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, copper and zinc is limited in high  pH. 

 Other Platforms

 Earth beds with other materials

These substrates are masses of straw and peat, compost and so on, which are placed on the stacks or mixed with the soil of the stacks. In these substrates, the roots develop well and the heat of the root environment is produced sufficiently. One of these substrates is decayed straw on thestacks.

In these substrates, each row is covered by straw-pressed packets. In this way, the width of the packages on the ground and their width are located along each other. About 10 Ton straws per 1000  m2  and 560 packs of straw 18  Kg are used to prepare these substrates for each pack about 30  Lit water is required.

Then, in a few times and 2-3 Lit  for each packet, watering slowly on them should not be lower than 15°C. However, after a while, the temperature of the straw mass reaches to 38°C.  In this method, wheat straw is used for long-growing cucumber varieties and straw with short growth length cucumbers.

 Substrates

Substrates that are used only from whole food solution and do not need soil and can only be used intermediate maintainers such as packs containing rock wool or pure peat or sand and gravel that are embedded on concrete. In these systems, disinfection costs are not considerable, but supplying the required foods constantly needs to be modified and controlled, while keeping the plant in these loose substrates increases the costs. In this method, the roots do not develop well and the necessary heat and Co2  are not created in the root environment.

 Preparation of land

Preparing the land to the desired negro is important for seed cultivation. Cucumber land should be returned by deep plowing and strengthened with the necessary fertilizers as described in the fertilization topic beforeplanting.

Cucumber bushes can be planted one row or two rows, but two-row cultivation is more common. The distances between rows and bushes are among many factors such as the width of the greenhouse, the location of beams and columns, etc. Depends. But in the end, the distances should be adjusted so that the density per unit area does not exceed a certain level, otherwise the occurrence of various diseases and deficiencies due to the mass of foliage is inevitable. Because as the foliage increases, the light intake will not be the same for all plants. Usually, the distances are determined so that the average density of the plants is 2.5-3 plants per square meter. Of course, long European cucumbers about 1.5-2 plants per square meter isenough.

 Density of bushes

In order to achieve the highest harvest from the square meter of plant density, it isimportant.
Some farmers and greenhouse owners believe that if the number of plants per unit area is higher, more crops can be harvested.
Based on the experiences gained in soil greenhouses for existing varieties of density equal to 1.7 to 3 plants, according to the personal experience of the planting season and the type of variety in terms of small and large leaves, in this case, experienced farmers and related experts can be noted that this work has technical and important reasons, including exposure and absorption of nutrients. the soil in cold seasons.
Therefore, because the plants have enough light and have a good growth, they should be planted in such a way that they have less shade on each other and in other words, do not prevent enough light to the plant, on the other hand, in cold seasons, the amount of soil food to the roots will be reduced and if the density is high in such a situation, it is natural that the roots will not reach enough materials.

Greenhouse cucumber planting intervals in atmospheric irrigation system and stack

Atmospheric width is 40-50cm and the width of the stack is about 100cm. Plants are cultivated on both sides of the atmosphere and 5cm away from the atmospheric edge.

According to the mentioned intervals, the row spacing on both sides of the atmosphere will be 50-60cm and on both sides of the stack will be 90   cm.

It should be noted that the row spacing on either side of the stacks is not less than 90 cm  because otherwise not enough light will reach the bushes and commuting becomes difficult.

Greenhouse cucumber planting intervals in drip irrigation system

There is no atmospheric drip irrigation and instead a plastic pipe with holes at certain intervals is used for irrigation. Rows of cucumbers are planted on either side of the drip irrigation pipe with a distance of 50-60 cm  and from these two rows to the next two rows 90cm distance is removed in drip irrigation instead of atmospheric from a prominent soil strip whose surface is about 6-10  cm  above the stack surface and the irrigation pipe is placed in the middle of this soil strip.    The bushes are placed 10cm   in the barfrom eachside.

Of course, the mentioned intervals are not always fixed and may vary in different places according to experts andmanufacturers.
It is often thought that the higher the number of cucumber plants per unit area, the higher the amount of crop, of course, this relationship is true to a certain extent, but as mentioned earlier, if the number of plants exceeds the desired level, the hordes of foliage prevent light from reaching and reduce the quality of fruit and disease development and also affect the harvest amount.

In autumn cultivation of greenhouse cucumber, which is relatively limited due to cold growth of plants, it is recommended that plant density be 10% higher and in spring cultivation where the air is warm and the plants grow better, the proper density is 10% less thanaverage.

Soil Cover

In drip irrigation, they cover the soil with a layer of plastic (polyethylene) and the sides of the plastic strip are buried about 10 cm,  then at the planting site on the plastic, a triangular cut creates a triangular cut, the seed is cut under the cut, the cucumber plant is removed from the plastic cut area after greening and the rest of the soil is preserved under plastic cover.

Conventional transparent plastic coating maintains soil moisture and heat. Under normal conditions, the average soil temperature is 4-5°C  more than uncoated soil, so the roots grow better and the development of cucumber accelerates.

Irrigation

Greenhouse irrigation for light soils can be leakage, i.e. by creating atmospheric and stackirrigation.

In this method, the best type is to use irrigation strips that prevent water loss. According to a regular plan, we will irrigate the plant because irrigation traditionally washes food in the soil while increasing water consumption as well as greenhouse moisture and reduces the availability of roots in foods. In case of using drip systems with special pipes, we need a precise calculation because usually the middle of the pipeline has less water pressure and because of this, irrigation is not done uniformly.Drip irrigation should be such that the piazs are connected between the two emitters. As you know, a certain amount of ground water evaporates daily, which should be supplied at the right time.If we are suspicious of the water of an area, we will make the final decision by testing the water, the allowable amounts of EC  in the water are supplied based on milliseconds  EC  less than  1  very good  EC  between  1  to2 appropriate and  EC  2  to  3  slightly high  EC  3  to 4  High and  EC  above  4 is very unacceptable.

It is worth noting that irrigation of greenhouse cucumber plant varies based on plant age, soil texture and time of use. For example, it can be said that soil needs less water in winter than in summer, but in any case it should be irrigated uniformly and regular periods, and certainly in light soils the amount of irrigation will be less and the interval between them will be less. It is recommended that during irrigation, do not saturate the ground for a long time and be sure to observe 25% moisture in the distance of two irrigations, in other words, for alternation of irrigation, when the soil moisture has reached 25%,  also know that cucumber plant needs more water when it comes to flowering.

Some farmers believe that after the young plant has completed its 4 true leaves, it should be given a period of thirst to the plant because they believe that the root of the plant in a state of thirst naturally penetrates deep into the soil after finding water and this root movement increases the root volume, however, the plant after the thirst and irrigation period after that it should grow rapidly at the time of plant growth. Prepare the greenhouse yarns and attach them over the bushes to the containment wires in the roof space of the greenhouse so that when the plants grow fast, regularly closed around the yarns to close the bushes around the yarns there are different methods can be closed down the yarns to the containment wire at the bottom of the plant or the excess yarn is wrapped around the pulleys and On the restrained wire or by special clips that are the size of the diameter of the stem of the plant and closed to the end of the yarn, the relationship between stems and yarn without tying to the plant, it is worth noting that it should not be ignored in the yarning stage because neglecting in this work will break the stem of the plant and cause serious damage to the plant.

Primary drunning

In the greenhouse cucumber plant until the height of the plant has not reached 30  cm, we do not do any harnesses, but after the plant reaches a height of 30  cm, the sub-branches and fruit and its flowers are gradually removed, allowing the greenhouse cucumber to spend all the energy generated by the plant to grow the stems and leaves, thereby making the plant strong and strong. It is juicy to remove the minor branches from a height of 30  cm onwards, but according to the planting season and the opinion of some experts and farmers with a history of some, they allow the sub-branches to grow and adjust the length of the sub-branches based on variety and planting season, it is worth mentioning that in spring the end buds remove the minor branches after the appearance of the fifth leaf. Remember that the initial pruning of the plant will have a direct and very good effect on the growth and loading of the plant, provided that it is done correctly and principledly.

Nutrients in the growth and development of greenhouse fantasies

Greenhouse cucumber needs a high and proportionate fertilizer because the amount of greenhouse crop per unit area is much higher than the open air. Therefore, the food in the soil is absorbed and consumed very soon by cucumber plants, while washing food is much more than openair.

1. N

you are more involved in the growth of the organs than in the formation of fruit . Excessive amounts of you cause high growth and impaired root and fruit growth. Normal levels of T concentration in plant tissues are about 5-6% of dry weight. Ot deficiency is observed when the concentration of ot is less than 2-3% in leaves. The symptoms of deficiency begin as yellowing of the old leaves and stopping the growth of young leaves. Fruits are short and thin and light green, the signs of poisoning of you appear in the fantasy as the leaves darken, the gap between the nodes, the crispness and tearing of the stems and the shortening of the lateral branchesappears.

1. P

The amount of phosphorus in plants is much less than ut and is the most important element for root growth, especially in cold soil conditions. In phosphorus deficiency, young leaves remain small and hard and pale and watery, and eventually the leaves are wrinkled, brown and then dried. Phosphorus deficiency is observed in concentrations less than 0.1-0.3% in terms of dry weight inleaves.

1. Potassium

It is an element that is very necessary for the production of high quality fruits. The abundance of ut, phosphorus or calcium can cause potassium deficiency. The symptoms of potassium deficiency occurred first in old leaves, complexizing the leaves and ultimately causing necrosis and blackening of their margins. Potassium deficiency occurs when its amount in leaf broadleaf is less than  3.5%.

1. Calcium

calcium plays the most important role in the building and strength of the membrane and cell wall . the calcium moves from the old leaves to the young leaves . Calcium deficiency starts with the chlorosis between the veins and the creation of spots on the leaf margin, the distance between the nodes remains small, the flowers are sterilized and the roots remain small and the fruits will be tasteless and fine. Fruit flowering does not grow normally. Symptoms of deficiency appear below 0.5% in the tabs.

1. Magnesium

Magnesium deficiency appears at the bottom of the plant by creating narrow spots and brown spots on the leaves of the minced leaves. Sometimes the margins of the leaves are returned upwards and cup leaves are formed. The normal amount of magnesium in plant tissue was about 0.7-0.5% in young leaves, but in older leaves its concentration was higher.

1. Iron

Iron deficiency is a sign of chlorosis between veins that develops rapidly in young leaves. Iron concentration is in the range of 100-300 mg kg kg of dry matter in mature leaves and symptoms of deficiency when iron concentration in leaves is less than 50 ppm,  although chlorosis at 100 ppm levels of iron has been observed.  

1. Manganese

The most important role of accelerated manganese is photosynthesis and is one of the effective elements in the production of oxin hormone. Since there is competition between iron and manganese, manganese deficiency may also indicate iron poisoning. The symptoms of manganese deficiency are mesophile yellowing and pale green stains on the leaf surface. The advanced stages of manganese deficiency in leaves show themselves as the emergence of necrotic dots.

1. Zinc

The action of several important enzymes in plants depends on the role of zinc. Symptoms of deficiency are seen as the development of light inter-vein jaws in the leaves. Discoloration has begun from the main veins, which is a good indicator for differentiation from the symptoms of manganese deficiency in which the green vein remains, and the distance between the nodes remains short in the upper parts of the plant. Normal concentration of zinc in plants is in the range of 50 mg/kg and symptoms of deficiency are present in concentrations  less than 25 mg/kg.

1. On

The presence of zinc element is essential in cell division and differentiation in growth points, especially end growth points. The signs of deficiency during harvesting are when the lower and middle leaves turn yellow and bright and the fantasy becomes crisp and brittle. It is a plant that is allergic to levels higher than 1 ppm  in soil or irrigation water.     

1. Copper

The symptoms of copper deficiency in the mink plant are limited growth, narrowing the gap between the nodes, keeping the leaves small, tanning the leaves and burning the leaves. The bushes are short and the formation of reproductive buds and flowers decreases at the end of the minced plant. Copper concentration in whole leaves is about 15 ppm  and symptoms of deficiency in concentrations lower than  7 ppm are observed in greenhouses due to excessive consumption of copper fungicidal toxins, not only copper deficiency, but copper poisoning is observed that its symptoms are similar to iron chlorosis.  

1. Molybden

Molybdenum plays an essential role in the metabolism of urticum in plants, about 0.2 ppm molybdenum available in soil for clay planting.   Therefore, its deficiency occurs mostly in acidic soils, normal molybdenum concentration in leaves is about 2 ppm  and symptoms of deficiency occur in plants that have less than 1 ppm  molybdenum.    

Lowering greenhouse cucumber bushes

When greenhouse cucumber bushes reach the useful roof of the greenhouse, they should be dragged down. The important point in this period is the pruning of the leaves more worn out and older during the harvest period, so that when pulling down the plant of the lower leaves while they have lived, there are few left to prune. It should always be remembered that the pruning of worn leaves at any time should not be more than 3  leaves in the plant and at least  18  to  25 leaves remain on the plant, pruning of worn leaves should be done during the period and periodically so that there is no problem during the downing and also realize that the leaves we prune should not exceed the number of leaves produced anyway. Pruning older leaves and reaching the roof,  3  methods are common for pruning cucumber plants.

First, by removing the lower leaves and loosening the greenhouse cucumber yarns from the pulley attached to the containment wire, the stem is rounded on the ground, of course, sometimes the stems are placed on a special chassis that is 50 cm away when the plant ends, allowing the two sub-branches to be placed on the chassis that is 50  cm away. These two sub-branches are considered like the main branches, and after the growth of these branches, we remove the end bud of the main branch, and thirdly, if at the end of the growing season coincides with the arrival of hot air, it can be thrown on the wires instead of pulling down the bushes so that it acts like a canopy in the greenhouse. In this case, it should be quite careful that the bushes do not break when bending and then do not suffer from lesions anddiseases.

In planting and growing greenhouse cucumbers, the most important factor is suitable climate so that the time of planting cucumber should be chosen in a way that is desirable in the growth period of the plant. According to this issue, the planting time in different regions is different.In the central and northern regions of Iran, cucumber planting is done in the greenhouse in spring and this time is adjusted in a way that in late autumn when the weather becomes cloudy and cold, it coincides with the end of the
harvest.

Pests and diseases of cucumbers

Important points in preventing diseases and pests

1. Hygiene in greenhouse is very important to prevent the spread of diseases. The more people go to the greenhouse, the more likely they are to be contaminated with diseases.
2. In front of the entrance, a large piece of sponge should be placed and it should be soaked regularly with disinfectant solution to prevent the transfer of contaminated soil and pathogens into thegreenhouse.
3. After the end of the operation period, all cucumber plants of the previous period should be removed from the greenhouse. The presence of bushes in the ground until the next period leads to the spread of the disease and its transmission to the next period.
4. If the next year is killed in the same land as the previous cucumber, be sure to disinfect the soil before the ship.
5. Weeds inside the greenhouse are regularly removed and chemically combated with weeds around the greenhouse, at least within a 2-meterradius.
6. When the soil has enough moisture, avoid additionalirrigation.
7. The presence of high humidity in the greenhouse space causes the spread of many fungaldiseases.

Important pests of greenhouse cucumbers and ways to fight them

Jelly plants are damaged by a number of general pests and proprietary pests from general pests aphids, candies, spiders, larvae of all types of beetles and butterflies most damaging to Jaliz plants, from specific pests can be mentioned as follows:

1. Jalizy aphid:  This pest, especially in the southern and southeastern regions of Iran, causes severe damage to jalizkaris. Jelly is first placed in a group under the leaves and then occupies the whole plant and by sucking the vegetable syrup, the plant is deficient in carbohydrates and prevents it from growing. In infected plants, leaves are wrapped and flowers areshed.

Fight

In the fight against jelly aphid, one of the most important agricultural measures is weeding the farm. Because farm weeds are the first place on which aphids are settled and fed after spending the winter. The following toxins can be used to fight:

-Anabazin sulfate or nicotic sulfate (10-20 g toxin + 40g oil in 10 liters of water)

-Typhus toxin, which is a phosphorous toxin, is mixed in 10 liters of water in proportion to 4 grams or dusting.
 

1. Spider Ken

This pest is one of the most common and dangerous general pests in summer, the color of the ankbuty is yellow or yellowish green, but in the autumn and early spring its color is reddish orange. The is usually spent under the leaves and feeds on the sap of plants with the help of their bite. In infected plants, first, small and colorless spots appear on the leaf surface and then the leaves gradually become jaundiced anddried.

Fight

To chemically fight this pest, the bushes are dusted with sulfur mud. The amount varies from 15 to 30 kg in heckles depending on plant age. In the fight against spider kenes, solution, a mixture of sulfur and lime can be used. For spraying, mix the concentrated solution with some water and reduce its concentration to 0.5 degreesbumeh.

1. Cockroaches of the Al-Atrid family

Many of the bees in this family harm jaliz and other crops, and the most common ones are:

Dark beetle, striving beetle, farm beetle, field beetle, black beetle, broad beetle, this pest winter in the form of adult cockroaches or as larvae of different ages inside the soil. Beetles in early spring from the soil that come in and start spawning and usually the eggs are placed in small pieces or single eggs under the clout of the earth’s trekkers at a small depth. Larvae after hatching for 20-40 days from planted seeds and cute roots of plants and weakening the plant reduce thecrop.

Fight

Fighting these worms is very difficult due to the long-term life inside the soil, basic measures should rely on farming operations.such as deep plowing, cellulose and weed weeds, use of fertilizers especially potash and ozte should be necessary. The chemical fight against this pest has not been sufficiently investigated and completed and gives the best results at the moment.

Poisoned baits can also be used to eliminate worms and usually 500 grams of sodium arsenic is added to a kilogram of bait (potatoes, sugarbeet).

1. Black cockroaches of the Tenbriwye family

The cockroaches of this family are more than 10 types, the most important of which are:

– Desert cockroach

– Sand beousel.

– Black cockroach.

The larvae of this beetle are called false wire cream because of its similarity with wired creams, and the difference with wire cream is only that a pair of anterior legs are longer and clefter than the middle and hind legs. The main losses of these cockroaches by their larvae are caused by eating planted seeds and the roots of plants are noticed. Adult cockroaches are more or less damaged by eating the aerial part of theplant.

Fight

To catch and collect these worms, traps of crockery and foliage and weeds form stacks. The worms are collected under the crepes and then collected by hand. about 100 caps will be enough for each hecker . Sometimes, the sub-caps are prey of caps and scum which are contaminated with arsenic toxin two benefits in proportion to 2.5%. In order to fight sand bees, in addition to the above measures, plants are sprayed with internal toxins, i.e. toxins that affect the digestivesystem.

1. It’s a moe.

This pest is particularly dangerous during the years that are collectively formed. The first generation butterflies start flying at an average temperature of 15 degrees and after feeding, they lay their eggs under the leaves and weeds with intentions and sometimes on the remnants of plant drying. At this age, larvae shave leaves and create small holes in it. older larvae eat leaves completely and leave only veins . and eat and destroy the delicate young plants altogether .

Fight

In the fight against this pest, before the emergence of larvae, it is important to eliminate the weeds that are the source of the butterflies and their spawning and the breeding ground of the first generation of larvae. To get larvae, lar traps are embedded. The shape and surface plowing between the rows causes the loss of eggs and larvae. When larvae migrate from farm to farm, they use poisoned bait to do this perpendicular to the movement of larvae, digging streams with iron cows and placing poisoned bait at the bottom of which, from newly harvested weeds impregnated with arsenic toxin, is two benefits.

Important diseases of cucumber

1. A) Sptoreya Kokorpitaserum

Host: Kadoyan family

Disease Name : Septoriosis

Symptoms

This disease, which attacks the Family of Kadooyan, appears on the leaves and sometimes on the stems, causing almost 3-10 mm in diameter and gray in the center and olives on the margins with yellowish halostains.

1. b) Calctom Olyukatom

Host: Kadoyan (cucumber, etc.)

Disease Name: Anthracnose

Symptoms

This pathogen is the anthraconous agent of the code family and especially attacks cucumber, watermelon and cantaloupe. The host is attacked at all stages of growth, sometimes the damages are early and cause the loss of pea leaves and the appearance of necrotic lecters on the stem and at the end of the plant death. Most of the contamination caused by this disease is dangerous in flowering and fruit stage, which causes the loss of leaves – stems and fruits.

The marks on the leaves are in the form of flaks at the beginning of the pale green with the appearance of oil that over time from the central part turns red and then brown and so that its surface is covered with mushrooms.

The leaves of the leaves are dried and shattered. In case of increasing the jaws, the leaves will dry out, and in the stems, the appearance of damages will be similar to the leaves, the stems will often appear as belts and thereby cause the death of the upper part.

Control

The use of healthy seeds or seeds is disinfected and spraying the plant with toxins containing copper and toxins without copper such as zeinab and friam.

The family of codes is allergic to toxins containingcopper.

1. C) Cucumber mosaic

Cause of disease: 30-M-V

Host : Cucumber – Coke Stew – Cantaloupe – Tomatoes – Eggplant – Kefs – Cod – Onion – Tobacco and Ornamental Gold.

Symptoms

The disease appears on the leaves as yellow-green-leaning stains of different dimensions and sometimes causes drying of the leaves early. Lumpy, irregular contaminated fruits will have yellow jaws, which are the cause of the disease to decrease their commercial value. Host growth is reduced due to disease and produces less product. The cause of the spread of the disease by wind and rain is transferred to differentregions.

Control

After observing the symptoms of tyram toxins – because of the distance of 7-10 days, as long as there are pollution conditions, use. The seed can be disinfected with benomyl, thiophaneate, methyl, or one of the top toxins. Disinfection of greenhouse with 2-year crop rotation isrecommended.

1. d) False whites of cucumber

Cause of disease: Psodopronosporakobene sauce

Symptoms

Cantaloupe and cucumber are attacked more than watermelon- cod-stewed. On the leaves, shiny oily stains with a diameter of 1-2 cm appear with angled margins. After a few days, the infected part turns yellow and scratches and turns brown. If the air is wet, purple soil kepk appears at the lower level of the leaves. Night pollution is the abortion of flowers and stopping the growth of hosts. Fruits are indirectly damaged due to dry leaves.

Control

In order to fight, the contaminated residues must be destroyed and the host’s high level irrigation should be prevented. Prevent host density and spraying every 8 days in case of disease and as long as there are detoxification conditions, spraying should not be discontinued. The proposed toxins of ethyl foifyte aluminum in contaminated plants should beburned.

1. e) Fuzarium Exesborom

Disease Name: Gomos

Symptoms

In the stages of the appearance of flowers, the disease causes jaundice and drying of the leaves of a number of stems.The symptoms of this disease are the removal of orange-brown secretion materials from the stem. At the level of dead hosts or hosting that has been severely damaged, the white-leaning doctor is visible and disease transmission can also be done by seed. It is suitable for pathogenicity about 20 °C.

Control

Seed disinfection is carried out with one of the toxins Tiram and Beneumil.

Physiologic disease of mud loss

Flower loss in cucumber, especially in winter, is an issue that often occurs because of its genetic properties and climatic problems.

Genetic issues of each cultivar should be controlled by seed producers and farmers have no role in it, they can only choose the best by comparing variety of varieties. Because of the base of cucumber, male flowers fall, so if the cultivars have many male flowers, the loss is also seen, so the varieties should be used.

However, in the case of environmental and climatic issues, the following points can be noted:

-Mud loss may be due to inappropriate heat inside the greenhouse, the best temperature is about 23 °C per day and 17°C at night.  

-A little lightness in the day or cloudy days will cause mud to fall.  

-Plant life is also effective, plants in growth state have the lowest flowering if other conditions are favorable and swallowex.

-Excessive use of oats and irrigation more than needed can both be effective in the destruction of flowers in a plant.  

-Complete pruning of the plant causes sufficient growth hormone for flowers near the main stem of the plant, otherwise the hormone is also present in all inactive organs and cannot perform its duty.  

Harvest

One of the things that should be careful in doing it so that there is no damage to the plant is how to pick a greenhouse cucumber from the plant, which for some reason is important, the principled and correct way of picking cucumber from the plant is that it is pulled upwards to separate it from the stem, this action causes the remaining or fruit trail on the stem to remain because the remaining part on the stem On the stem, it causes rotting of the stem, and on the other hand, the fruit trail, in addition to making the fruit weight heavier, prevents the fruit from softening quickly, today it can be seen in most greenhouses that separate cucumber from the branch by scissors, this can be problematic when scissors are contaminated with certain fungal and viral diseases. In this case, the possibility of transmitting disease from one plant to another is high. As long as access to these devices is possible, it is better to pick even the fruit with gloves and also use tools that you can trust are notcontaminated.

As soon as the cucumber reaches the desired size, it should be harvested. If the greenhouse conditions are normal, fruits grow very soon and therefore at least 2 to 3 harvests per week is necessary and the longer the harvest distance, the higher the number of coarse cucumbers that are outside the desired size of the market, and on the other hand, staying cucumbers on the plant prevents the growth of small cucumbers and the crop decreases. Therefore, the long distance between harvests reduces both the quality of cucumbers and reduces the number of harvestable cucumbers. The distance between withdrawals should be adjusted so that if a cucumber on the plant is ignored and not harvested, it will still be available to the market in the nextharvest.

The greenhouse cucumber should be cut from the tail of the flower with a sharp knife or scissors so that it stays about one centimeter from the fruit tail on the cucumber. The ingtening of cucumber by killing or twisting reduces the quality of the cucumber and damages the plant. Meanwhile, cucumber with flower tail has more customers.Greenhouse cucumber should be brushed with caution and elegance so that the fruit does not put any pressure. After harvesting, the cucumber should be gently placed in the carton or box and avoid thrown. Any scratch or impact, however superficial, damages the quality of the cucumber because the scratch and impact have developed over time and the market-friendly appearance makes it inferior and inferior.  The quality of greenhouse cucumber and its high price depends largely on its smoothness and color and transparency. For this reason, it should not be packed tangled, left and right in large boxes, because in this case, the weight pressure of cucumbers and the sinking of each cucumber in the heart of another cucumber causes the cucumber to lose its original smoothness and beauty when it reaches the market and reduce the price. It is recommended to pack greenhouse cucumbers in small cartons with paper wrappers and put cucumbers in all directions in cartons. In order to increase the market-friendly cucumber, it should be tried to separate even small and large cucumbers and pack the same size cucumbers in acarton.

Notes

Greenhouse cucumber seeds germiated at 11°C.
In cold regions, after removing the cold, greenhouse cucumber planting is done.
In the southern regions of our country, this plant is planted in spring and autumn.
It should be noted that in the flowering stage of greenhouse cucumber, fertilizer should be given to the plant from the end in order to increase the amount of crop.
If the moisture stress is given to the greenhouse cucumber plant, the fruits will be bitter, of course, other factors such as the amount of fertilizer and water and temperature will also cause bitterness of the greenhouse cucumber, but the bitterness of the bottom of the cucumber is natural and due to the presence of a substance called cocomerine. .
Cucumber can be well developed in almost any soil, but good soil is soil that has a good drainage style and a lot offertile materials.

Properties of cucumber

Some of the cucumbers are misrepresented and consider it a useless fruit, and their philosophy is that cucumber, in addition to not losing a significant useful substance, is also late in digestion. And it has no benefit for the body except harm. It is true that cucumber has few fats, starches and sugars, but it also has benefits that should not be underestimated. Eating, burning and rubbing cucumber meat on the forehead is beneficial for resolving headaches and it is also said that decoction of cucumber skin cures jaundice. Cucumber juice is a predicative and removes kidney stones

Cucumber has high potassium and it dissolves and reduces the body’s uric acid (the human body has a property that can adapt to changes, and if there are too many changes, it causes some of the body’s natural behavior to change, here’s a discussion called acidic environment and gaming environment, or alkaline, which in some cases, hypothetically, in the digestive system, may become an acidic environment. In the term, they say that the soured person that foods that can acidify the environment can be called meat materials, and plant materials also have more alkaline properties or the same game that can alkaline the environment that if there is an acidic environment, acidic state is reduced) and is suitable for rheumatism- jaundice, removing skin rashes, removing headaches, removing nasal congestion and crushing kidney stones. It is interesting to know that cucumber fruit is consumed prematurely.

Other health benefits of cucumber include:

1. It dissolves urat and urich acid, so it treats goutdisease.
2. It is diuretic and is useful for removing irritation.
3. purifiesblood.
4. Cucumber is useful for treating people with irritation andurination.
5. The extract of crushed cucumber leaves causes nausea, so it is used in poisonings and gastrointestinaldisorders.
6. cucumber relieves thirst.
7. cucumber is acucumber.
8. Cucumber polishes the liver and removes the bile from the stomachwell.
9. If you ring the cucumber and put it on the skin of the face, it removes the wrinkles and wrinkles of the face and rejuvenates theface.
10. If your skin is oily, cook the cucumber with distilled water and wash your face with this water. Then flatten it and leave to cool. Then grind 50g of raw almonds and peeled and mix with this water. Stir it and straighten with cloth. Add 250 g white alcoholics and 1 gram of rose essential oil to the smoothed solution and stir thoroughly. Use this natural lotion to your face every day so that your skin stays youngforever.
11. It is useful for treating eczema, bursting the skin and removingitching.
12. Decoction of cucumber skin is a very good medicine for jaundice and for this it is better to drink it for three consecutivedays.
13. cucumber should always be eaten before meals to help digestion.

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